Use React’s useRef and useReducer hooks in combination with TypeScript to manage complex state without losing type safety.

JavaScript’s async/await syntax introduces new challenges for error handling in asynchronous code, requiring try/catch to handle rejected promises.

Spring has better support for microservices, with frameworks like Spring Boot making it easy to build scalable, distributed applications.

Make sure to learn about databases (e.g., SQLite, PostgreSQL) and how to integrate them with your Python web apps using SQLAlchemy or Django ORM.

PHP’s popularity is declining for new projects, whereas Node.js is gaining ground, especially for developers already familiar with JavaScript.